Sad Slushy Sloppy Spiraling South Status of Shrinking Arctic Sea Ice: Part 1 of 2 // Jun 28, 2019
I chat about the sorry slushy spiraling downward sloppy state of what is otherwise known as Arctic Sea-Ice, and the profound consequences to weather and climate that result from feedback’s causing Arctic temperature amplification to slowing wavier jet streams. I go into the nitty-gritty details of plots and maps that can easily be found by Googling “Arctic Sea Ice Graphs” and having fun by clicking things.
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Arctic Sea-Ice Slippery Slope Spiralling Southward Shrinkage to Blue Ocean Event: Part 2 of 2 // Jun 28, 2019
Second video, continues where first video left off.
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Abrupt Climate Change Mechanisms Causing Profoundly Disturbing European Heatwave: Part 1 of 2 // Jun 28, 2019
Feline “Shackleton the Explorer” puts on a brave faced cameo appearance as a prelude to my exceedingly profoundly disturbing chat on the ongoing European Heatwave.
Almost 500 million people in Europe are being subject to exceedingly high heatwave temperatures in June that exceed those dangerous conditions in the 2003 July/August heatwave that killed 70,000 Europeans (50,000 in France alone).
A very slow, very wavy, persistently stuck Jet Stream ridge lies over Europe; carrying exceedingly hot dry air from the Sahara Desert northward, humidifying it over the rapidly warming Mediterranean Sea, and
transporting this very hot humid air over vast regions of densely populated Europe, with its lack of air conditioning (2% in Germany; 5% in France).
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Abrupt Climate Change Mechanisms Causing Profoundly Disturbing European Heatwave: Part 2 of 2 // Jun 28, 2019
A packet of air sitting over the Sahara Desert
gets rapidly warmed up by the relentless heat of the Sun in a cloudless sky, with single digit relative humidity (dry) conditions, and 50+ C temperatures.
Transported northward by the stuck jet stream ridge, it crosses the rapidly warming water surface of the Mediterranean Sea where it reaches relative humidities of 70 to 80%.
Saturated with water vapour, it continues northward guided under the jet stream ridge to cover vast areas of Europe with unbearable temperatures (reaching 45.9 C) and high humidities.
And it is only June; what will July and August be like?
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OK, so, turns out the ocean has warmed about 20% more than we previously thought… which has dire consequences for all life on our planet on land and in the water https://t.co/glPMbQV91D
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Yesterday's (26 Jun 10h30) land surface temperatures🌡️ from @NASAEarth's #MODIS 🛰️ clearly show the footprint of the #heatwave 🌞 over Europe when compared to mean June 2018 LST's. pic.twitter.com/qRL8AXAkiP
In what’s becoming an increasingly common story, a major city has run out of water. Chennai, India is home to 4.65 million and a severe deficit of water to serve their needs. This is why India's sixth biggest city, has run out of water https://t.co/5pAyQ3UJ3Dpic.twitter.com/Jym9FR1Q2W
— Prof. Stefan Rahmstorf 🌏 🦣 (@rahmstorf) June 28, 2019
Emergency mode entered in Irkutsk region due to the strong flood in Taishet, Nizhneudinsk and Tulun districts. 2 people died, hundreds are evacuated. Federal motorway Sibir is closed in three directions. Now the most badly hit is Tulun town. Pictures by https://t.co/3f8FyeKn6spic.twitter.com/jKgto8bpHL
— The Siberian Times (@siberian_times) June 28, 2019
Fatal Wetbulb Temperatures Reached at Pakistan-India Border // Jun 19, 2019
Analyzing data from the Meteologix website for India suggests that present extremely hot temperatures combined with high humidities exceed the 35 C (95F) wetbulb temperature threshold of human survivability (even sitting naked in the shade, in a gale, covered in sweat, your survive 6-8 hours at most).
It doesn’t matter how healthy, fit, and strong you are; the physics is fatal. Luckily, the worst conditions seen on the Pakistan-India border (mostly in Pakistan) are for a few hours, and not the full day, but death rates in this region must be huge (and are currently unreported).
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Twenty-Seven Ways to Die from Wetbulb 35 C (95 F) Temperatures on the Pakistan-India Border // Jun 19, 2019
Since our average human core body temperature is 37 C (98.6 F) (with some variation) and our skin temperature is a few degrees C cooler than this, a wetbulb temperature of 35 C (95 F) is the limit for human shedding of heat and thus survival. This is true for other mammal species as well, dependent on their specific core body temperatures.
How do we die with these conditions, even the very healthiest among us? It turns out there are 7 major organs that can crap out, each essentially by 5 different mechanisms. Luckily, some of these 7×5 combinations are not possible, so there are only 27 different ways to die; not 35:)
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Declassified US spy satellite images show 40 years of dramatic glacier ice loss in the Himalayan mountains, threatening the water supply of millions of people. This region has the highest concentration of ice on Earth outside of the North and South Poles https://t.co/wdGd0wpdivpic.twitter.com/OBOTgN7zi8
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Antarctica 🇦🇶 & Greenland 🇬🇱 on the same scale with/without their ice sheets. Comparison highlights the difference in dimensions, sea level rise equivalent, bedrock topography, ice-ocean interface,… pic.twitter.com/i0d6iAQCH2
— Kerim Hestnes Nisancioglu (@nissenjo) June 20, 2019
What will CO₂ emissions do in 2019?
IMF estimates GDP to grow 3.3% in 2019 & that implies: * 1.4% CO₂ growth if CO₂/GDP improves as in the last decade * <0% CO₂ grow requires CO₂/GDP to have one of largest recorded declines
India: "At least 21 cities in India, including capital New Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai and Hyderabad, will run out of groundwater by 2020, affecting around 100 million people."https://t.co/lDK2wgb4VO
Limit of Human Survivability at High Temperature, Humidity Conditions Leading to Uninhabitability // Jun 16, 2019
A combination of extreme temperatures and high humidity, called heat index, humidex, etc. can be calculated many ways; the net result: when you reach wetbulb temperature (defined as temperature at which air “parcel”reaches 100% humidity) of 35 C (95F) or higher your body cannot cool via sweating, since your sweat no longer evaporates.
Core body temperature rises, you get heat exhaustion, heat stroke, and die within 6-8 hours. Many mortalities in the European heatwave in 2003 (plus Chicago event) were likely due to dwelling temperatures; humidity from cooking, etc reaching this fatal physical limit.
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The Coast is Toast (Uninhabitable) when Sea-Surface-Temperatures of 35 C or 95 F: Physical Limits // Jun 16, 2019
When, and where will people start dropping like flies as wetbulb temperature (defined as temp. when relative humidity is 100%) is 35 C (95F) or higher. We know where.
Outside, on coastlines of the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, etc. when Sea-Surface Temperature (SST) reaches 35 C; we’ve hit 33 C in previous years, perhaps higher in shallow water, with little upwelling, or even in small inlets or near hot rivers or lakes. Two degrees C summer SST is the difference between life and death, death within 6-8 hours. Inside apartments, in big cities due to Urban Heat-Island effects…
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Brutal Physics of 35 C (95 F) Sea-Surface-Temperatures to make coastal dwellers drop like flies // Jun 16, 2019
Let’s say it is 45 C (113 F) in a city in the Middle East or India, on a coastline where the Sea-Surface-Temperature has reached 35 C (95 F). Since the land is hotter than the water there will be a sea-breeze (from water to land), that will be laden with moisture from evaporation of sea water.
When there is enough water vapour to bring relative humidity over the coastline to 52% or higher, but not enough for monsoonal rain, then people on the coast, outside, will die in 6-8 hours due to a physical limit imposed by our core body temperature. That is the brutal physics of wetbulb temperature and human physiology.
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Air Conditioning Access Divides those who get to Live from those who DIE: Class-divides Brutal // Jun 16, 2019
Suppose the rural area near New Delhi is 50 C (122F), dropping to 30 C at night. Society divides into those with access to air conditioning, and those without, as long as rickety power grids hold up to demand spikes. AC runs 24/7 for owners.
Those without are SOL (shi*-out-of-luck) as waste heat cranked out by ACs to the street is hot and humid, and adds to the urban heat island effect, driving up outdoor street temperature and humidity, especially in confined alleyways to above lethal wet-bulb temperatures. So poorer AC-less people die so that the wealthier AC folk live. Yuk.
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Brilliant Ways to Eliminate Heat Exhaustion and Heatstroke by Stabilization of Core Body Tempe // Jun 16, 2019
Brilliant ideas: Produce a simple combined digital thermometer, and a relative humidity sensor that is tiny and wearable. This device calculates and displays wet bulb temperature of your immediate space, inside or outside. It activates alarms when dangerous wet bulb conditions are reached.
It sends alerts and your location to emergency responders who come and get you for emergency medical aid and transport to save your life. Combine it with what I call a “chill suit or device” from India’s Dharma Technologies, to keep your core body temperature safely stable at all times.
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NO NEW NORMAL! PAUL BECKWITH, Posted on June 12, 2019, by Radio Ecoshock host, favorite interviewer, Alex Smith: Listen to or download this 28 minute interview with Paul Beckwith in CD Quality or Lo-Fi.
‘Climate truth is breaking into the mainstream. Like this headline from USA Today: “End of civilization: climate change apocalypse could start by 2050 if we don’t act”… But this USA Today story is just one blip buried in celebrity news and the Donald Trump show. Still – maybe soon they will hear about Radio Ecoshock and Paul Beckwith. Paul is a regular correspondent here….
HITTING THE CARBON GAS PEDAL ‘Paul has a little more company now as big papers like the New York Times, USA Today, and the Guardian UK are starting to report on the developing climate disaster. Behind that news, Mark Kaufman at Mashable jolted me with the basics. It’s not just that we are adding billions of tons of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere again this year. We are doing it faster. He writes, quote:
‘“After the Scripps monitoring station atop Hawaii’s towering Mauna Loa went online in 1959, CO2 rose around just 0.7 [parts per million] ppm per year in the early decades of operation. Then, in the 1990s, the rate increased to 1.5 ppm per year. The last decade has averaged 2.2 ppm. Yet, in the last year [2018], it was a 3.5 ppm gain. Concentrations of the planet’s most influential greenhouse gas are accelerating.”
That is the scariest news of all. We are literally hitting the gas pedal, as we drive toward the cliff. Isn’t that what is behind everything else we talk about?’
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Paul Beckwith at the Kanata-Carleton Green Party of Canada Nomination Meeting // Jun 16, 2019
‘Paul gives a talk on Abrupt Climate Change as part of the Kanata-Carleton Federal Riding nomination meeting for theGreen Party of Canada.
Our long time helper, David Korn, is also connected to SW2H. We all know each other here. A great contribution by Charles and Heidi both and the tirelessly productive, Stuart H. Scott of ClimateMatters.tv.
— Simon Kuestenmacher (@simongerman600) June 16, 2019
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Why I do what I do.
Please consider donating to support my work. I put a lot of time and effort into researching, studying and producing my videos so that you can learn how quickly our world is changing. Donating does not need a PayPal account, but simply a credit card. Please click here.
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Existential Abrupt Climate Change Risks to Humanity: Part 1 of 3 // June 7, 2019
First of three videos. Humanity is stressing vital life-support systems on Earth to the breaking point. It is incomprehensible to a thinking person like myself how:
the vast majority of the public continues to be blissfully unaware of the clear and present dangers that we face.
For many years I have been dutifully trying to take the latest cutting edge science on global Earth system changes, and:
translate it into easily understandable layperson language,
so more and more of the general public can understand the reality and truth about the extent of devastation to
our life-support ecosystems on Earth.
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The Chernobyl exclusion zone shows a glimpse of a worl
inhospitable to life. According to a new climate policy
paper, much of Earth could look the same by 2050 if humans
don’t act fast to mitigate global warming: Shutterstock
Humanity is Stressing Vital Life-Support Systems to the Breaking Point: Part 2 of 3 // June 7, 2019
‘According to the paper, climate change poses a “near- to mid-term existential threat to human civilization,” and there’s a good chance society could collapse as soon as 2050 if serious mitigation actions aren’t taken in the next decade‘.
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Harsh Realities of Abrupt Climate Change: Part 3 of 3 // June 7, 2019
Third of three videos. Ref (click link here, for download of original PDF): ‘The report, entitled “Existential climate-related security risk: A scenario approach,” lays out a future where society could collapse due to instability set off by migration patterns of billions of people affected by drought, rising sea levels, and environmental destruction‘.
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— Simon Kuestenmacher (@simongerman600) June 8, 2019
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The DNC says they won't be holding debates on a single issue area, but that's OK. They should be able to have a multi-issue climate debate with no trouble at all. pic.twitter.com/BVrwebSPsT
“Any attempt to suppress information on the security risks of climate change threatens to leave the American public vulnerable and unsafe.” https://t.co/XXl129DVve@washingtonpost
India's massive heatwave has grown so dire that in places the authorities are telling people not to venture outside after 11 a.m. #Hotnewworldhttps://t.co/xogp1UBjWt
Paul’s high school yearbook photo. Reminds editor of a similarly toned famous school photo
Food, Glorious Food. Never Before Has Earth Needed More: Part 1 of 2 // May 30, 2019
Planting of corn, wheat, soy, etc. has been severely delayed by flooding over vast regions of the most productive farmland in the U.S., and what has been planted is not growing well:
There is simply too much water on the surface and in the saturated soils.
A huge and persistent trough of the jet stream has been stuck over the central US all spring (and last winter)
Bringing associated low pressure and thus storms with fire-hose like precipitation deluged,
As well as tornadoes galore.
I chat about the clear and present danger of global food shortages and price explosion.
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Global Food Supply Disruption from Abrupt Climate Change: Part 2 of 2 // May 30, 2019
U.S. farmers are at wits end; livelihoods on the line, as they wait for persistent torrential rains to stop, and for fields to dry out enough for planting. They’re posting images of their soggy, submerged fields on Twitter under the hashtags #noplant19, #plant19, #corn, #wheat, #soy, #food… to name the main ones.
Crops aren’t great in Australia, parts of Canada, Europe, Russia, and China due variously to drought, heat, floods, bugs, etc..; most root causes being climate disruption. I chat about the “Clear and Present Danger” of global food shortages and price explosion.
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The USDA announced that 58% of the U.S. #corn crop has been planted as of May 26th, compared to the 5-year average pace of 90%. This is the slowest pace in recorded history. #NoPlant19#Plant19pic.twitter.com/VjVsWST0DJ
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Please let us know, if this is too many tweets. On this particular occasion, JUST WAY, WAY too many great ones to say completely no to! An exception today, pls:
There have been 762 tornado warnings issued by the NWS since the morning of May 15th. What an incredibly active period of U.S. tornado frequency! Hats off to the folks at SPC and local NWS offices who no doubt saved hundreds of lives over this two week stretch of mayhem. pic.twitter.com/j6rmCY47Kp
— Victo☈ Gensini, PhD, CCM (@gensiniwx) May 30, 2019
Tornado Damage: 13 Days of Devastation in Photos – 26 photos of the destruction left by a tornado outbreak in the U.S. that is now nearly two weeks old, with storms spawning an average of 27.5 tornadoes each of the past 13 days. https://t.co/rKfTEFxZW7pic.twitter.com/Zn3f094rsr
"@Facebook is a big obstacle to averting climate catastrophe, scientists say" by Joe Romm for @ClimateProgress: https://t.co/UQtzMocKnv
— Prof Michael E. Mann (@MichaelEMann) May 29, 2019
973 tornado warnings issued this month so far. That’s the most in any month since April 2011. Most during the month of May,specifically, in 11 years (since 2008). pic.twitter.com/UF0XFWgamy
First image: Marathon Day in Ottawa. Second: The Un-Happy Hooker
Earth Life Support Systems Undergoing Wrenching Climate Change Paroxysms // May 26, 2019
This video is the 4th of 6 in my synopsis of recent significant abrupt climate change induced, “faster than expected” events occurring around our planet under siege.
We tickle tipping points, hurtling towards a highly nonlinear rewiring of our planetary heat distribution, which includes a greatly warmed Arctic and cascading food shortages.
As climate changes much “faster than expected”, humanities response continuous to be ineffectual and much “slower than expected”. We wallow at the beck and call, and in the throes of climate and science denial political leaders.
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Smorgasbord of Scariness on our Crazy Climate Disrupted Home Planet: Houston, We have A PROBLEM. // May 26, 2019
This video is the 5th 6 in my smorgasbord of scariness on our recent crazy climate disruption happenings on our home planet. I endeavor to use the clearest, easy-for-anybody to understand, state-of-the-art gifs and illustrations to drive home the latest science on our (Earth’s) climate and weather realities.
Clearly, climate deniers have long-ago fallen down the rabbit hole of fantasy land, worthy of resurrection of the old TV show known as the Twilight Zone. Reality really does bite, and right-wing ideological denial is clearly exposed, and doubling down on nuttiness.
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Earth Life Support Systems Undergoing Wrenching Climate Change Paroxysms // May 26, 2019
This video is the 6th of 6 in my motley collection of recent highly significant, profoundly important abrupt climate destabilization occurrences. Our life systems that support all plants and animals are undergoing wrenching paroxysms that are totally re-configuring atmospheric and oceanic circulatory systems vital for transferring heat around the planet to maintain stability in our weather and climate systems.
Shackleton in action
Thus far, humanity is floundering with feeble and ineffectual gestures to address, let alone even recognize and acknowledge the existential crisis that is upon us.
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Caption, Paul’s: ‘Canada is betting on climate failure by doubling down on Alberta oil sands development.
Yes, Justin Trudeau and Catherine Mckenna; this means you. I thought that you both were smarter than this…’
Oil and gas extraction has been a cornerstone of Canada’s economy for decades, but plans for expansion of the oil sands represent an enormous economic risk in a world moving to electric vehicles and action against climate change.
The federal and some provincial governments of Canada are not only planning to keep the oil and gas industry running at full steam, but to massively expand it. At the same time, the majority of demand for oil comes from fuel for road vehicles, a segment undergoing a huge technological transformation towards electrification. Canada appears to be grossly underprepared for a future where global demand for oil declines and not only that, our political and industry leaders are currently doubling down on oil as an economic engine — oil that is more expensive to produce than virtually anywhere else in the world.
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Over the past 10 days, the U.S. has been battered by severe thunderstorms. There has been 1845 total severe reports, with 231 reported tornadoes. Of all severe reports, 8% of them have involved a tornado. pic.twitter.com/O3Wqlfilza
Mishmash on Abrupt Climate Change Status: Prognosis Grim // May 24, 2019
This video is the 1st of 6 where I chat about the most significant recent developments in our ongoing abrupt climate change system. I am simply joining the dots:
delving deeply into what is happening on the ground,
in the atmosphere,
and in the oceans,
and profound existential consequences that are affecting each of us in this time of gut-wrenching disruption.
I strive to take the latest science and tell a coherent story that is easily understandable to the most novice layperson, using the best, most clearly illustrated gifs that I have come across in social media over several months.
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A Mishmash on our FUBAR’d Climate: Dooohhhhh…Take off, aye (to another planet) // May 24, 2019
This video is the 2nd of 6 where I tell you all about the story of our weather patterns and how climate is going to hell in a hand-basket.
Temperatures in the Arctic are way higher than they should be,
while temperatures in parts of North America
and Europe are much lower than they should be.
At the risk of sounding like a broken record, this results from a completely FUBAR-ed jet stream. I show you all sorts of neat video clips and gifs to give you teaching aids so that you can keep your climate denying and Trump thumper friends in a state of cognitive dissonance.
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Rampaging Climate Crushes Humans Like Bugs, and Just Getting Warmed Up // May 24, 2019
This video is the 3rd of 6 in my swarm of videos to parallel the tornadoes swarm that continues to wreak cascading havoc on the U.S.A., along with the hydro-attack that is decimating planting schedules and risking global price spikes on grains, soy, etc.; making a mockery of the so called “useful” idiot climate denier who is being enabled by the God-Owful-Party in power.
I’m one to talk; Ontario lost its senses in voting in neomort Doug Ford, while Alberta went nutters voting in Jason Kenney who is set up a “war-room” to attack opponents of his iron rod pipeline of doom.
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THREAD: The most important and most under-reported #climatechange story of the year: global methane levels are unexpectedly surging and scientists are ringing the alarm bells, calling on countries to stop methane emissions from fossil-fuel operations. https://t.co/Cky6dll0pV
— @huntercutting.bsky.social (@HunterCutting) May 24, 2019
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THREAD: The most important and most under-reported #climatechange story of the year: global methane levels are unexpectedly surging and scientists are ringing the alarm bells, calling on countries to stop methane emissions from fossil-fuel operations. https://t.co/Cky6dll0pV
— @huntercutting.bsky.social (@HunterCutting) May 24, 2019
Multi-decadal climate variability has long been a controversial subject. In our new paper, we suggest in that external forcings – human forcings like GHGs and aerosols and natural forcings like volcanoes and solar – can explain nearly all observed warming: https://t.co/6xsQE5uuuApic.twitter.com/VtJ7Otd0vv
“In March of 1984, there were 2.1 million square kilometers of perennial sea ice. By March of 2016, there were 211,000 square kilometers.” https://t.co/iq51rEQ31S
— David Wallace-Wells (@dwallacewells) May 24, 2019
Also known as Oceanco Y712, and as Project Solar, Black Pearl is the largest sailing superyacht in the world. Its propellers recapture power by turning in reverse under sail and the black dacron sails have solar cells in them https://t.co/lzZ0bBpat3pic.twitter.com/j9CDNLBual
Hunkering Down For the Deluge and Flood in the Climate Casino // May 16, 2019
Many places are experiencing torrential rain deluges with epic flooding. This includes my city; almost all of North America, and many other places. Here I chat on practical ways you can reduce risks of your place flooding.
Near a river you have little choice:
Jack your place up one story;
build a dirt and grass berm around your property;
or move while your place still has value.
Away from rivers; overland flooding is a big risk.
Slope land away from your house,
point downspouts well away;
have a sump pump, and
install back-flow valves on your basement drainage.
In Canada, very accurate Digital Elevation Maps (DEMs) will be released soon, to determine your places flood exposure risks, and will greatly influence property desirability and thus your house price.
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— Robert Pujol i Vives (@rpujolvives) May 16, 2019
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Trump & Pence used CA data to target ads 2016-17 and the proof is hard-coded into their tracking links still live on Facebook. pic.twitter.com/jvCGYsvSdr
plastic industry’s GHG pollution—“If the plastic industry is allowed to expand production unimpeded… by 2050, emissions could exceed the equivalent of 615 coal plants.”—producing single-use plastics could comprise up to 13% of world's carbon budget https://t.co/fyHoe6XEvm@grist
I'm sorry, but I still can't get over influential scientists making guesses like this.
Another 30+ years of "business as usual" will make civilization impossible in anything like it's current form. We have to do better. https://t.co/tciqJfQlJp
Pyro Storms (Fire-Triggered Thunderstorms): Climate Mayhem Part 1 of 2 // May 9, 2019
Firenados, fire whirls, megafires, and fire-triggered thunderstorms are a new, terrifying reality turning wildfires from local to globally significant events in our faster-than-expected, extremely rapid climate change world.
Fire-triggered thunderstorms are called:
Pyrocumulonimbus Clouds (pyroCbs) or PyroStorms, for short.
Tornado-like winds can occur, flaming embers can be cast across a 3 mile radius, volcanic levels of energy loft black smoke, carbon, gases, water up into the stratosphere, and
lightning from these fire-clouds can ignite more fires 22 miles away.
We get 25 pyroCBs a year now in North America.
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Fire Triggered Thunderstorms: A New Reality of Climate MAYHEM: Part 2 of 2 // May 9, 2019
‘Early in the evening of August 12, 2017, heat and smoke from an intense wildfire burning in the forests of British Columbia began mushrooming skyward, sucking up ash, blazing wood and vegetation, and water vapour from lakes and streams below.
Rick McRae, a researcher with Australia’s Capital Territory Emergency Services Agency, was on site helping with fire management. Sensing that this conflagration was going to erupt into something extraordinary, he texted a group of scientists from around the world who since 2013 have been collaboratively studying fire-triggered thunderstorms — technically known as pyrocumulonimbus clouds, or “pyroCbs…”
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El Niño is one of the most important weather phenomena on Earth & comes in 2 types: warming occuring in the central Pacific vs strong traditional El Niño in the Eastern Pacific. How El Niño will behave with future climate change is an open question. https://t.co/76lozK5DbSpic.twitter.com/s8WeJ81V1o
Jet Stream Shift 17 degrees Southward to Greenland
Summary
Well known and respected creator of entertaining and comprehensible videos of sometimes daunting subjects, especially in climate system science, meteorology, oceanography and Earth Sciences at YouTube.
Frequently called upon for commentary by fellow educators, activists, and public. Physicist, Engineer, and part-time professor at the University of Ottawa. His primary interest is joining-the-dots on Abrupt Climate System Change to determine where we are heading, and how fast, and what it all means for us and our amazing planet.
Paul Beckwith, Climate System Scientist 